PyEFD

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An Python/NumPy implementation of a method for approximating a contour with a Fourier series, as described in [1].

_images/pyefd.png

EFD representations of an MNIST [2] digit. Shows progressive improvement of approximation by order of Fourier series.

Installation

$ pip install pyefd

Usage

Given a closed contour of a shape, generated by e.g. scikit-image or OpenCV, this package can fit a Fourier series approximating the shape of the contour:

from pyefd import elliptic_fourier_descriptors
coeffs = elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10)

The coefficients returned are the \(a_n\), \(b_n\), \(c_n\) and \(d_n\) of the following Fourier series representation of the shape.

The coefficients returned are by default normalized so that they are rotation and size-invariant. This can be overridden by calling:

from pyefd import elliptic_fourier_descriptors
coeffs = elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10, normalize=False)

Normalization can also be done afterwards:

from pyefd import normalize_efd
coeffs = normalize_efd(coeffs)

To use these as features, one can write a small wrapper function:

def efd_feature(contour):
    coeffs = elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10, normalize=True)
    return coeffs.flatten()[3:]

If the coefficients are normalized, then coeffs[0, 0] = 1.0, coeffs[0, 1] = 0.0 and coeffs[0, 2] = 0.0, so they can be disregarded when using the elliptic Fourier descriptors as features.

See [1] for more technical details.

Testing

Run tests with:

$ python setup.py test

or with Pytest:

$ py.test tests.py

The tests includes a single image from the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits ([2]) as a contour to use for testing.

API

A Python implementation of the method described in [3] and [4] for calculating Fourier coefficients for characterizing closed contours.

References

[3](1, 2, 3) F. P. Kuhl and C. R. Giardina, “Elliptic Fourier Features of a Closed Contour,” Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, Vol. 18, pp. 236-258, 1982.
[4](1, 2, 3) Oivind Due Trier, Anil K. Jain and Torfinn Taxt, “Feature Extraction Methods for Character Recognition - A Survey”, Pattern Recognition Vol. 29, No.4, pp. 641-662, 1996

Created by hbldh <henrik.blidh@nedomkull.com> on 2016-01-30.

pyefd.calculate_dc_coefficients(contour)[source]

Calculate the \(A_0\) and \(C_0\) coefficients of the elliptic Fourier series.

Parameters:contour (numpy.ndarray) – A contour array of size [M x 2].
Returns:The \(A_0\) and \(C_0\) coefficients.
Return type:tuple
pyefd.elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10, normalize=False)[source]

Calculate elliptical Fourier descriptors for a contour.

Parameters:
  • contour (numpy.ndarray) – A contour array of size [M x 2].
  • order (int) – The order of Fourier coefficients to calculate.
  • normalize (bool) – If the coefficients should be normalized; see references for details.
Returns:

A [order x 4] array of Fourier coefficients.
Return type:

numpy.ndarray
pyefd.normalize_efd(coeffs, size_invariant=True)[source]

Normalizes an array of Fourier coefficients.

See [3] and [4] for details.

Parameters:
  • coeffs (numpy.ndarray) – A [n x 4] Fourier coefficient array.
  • size_invariant (bool) – If size invariance normalizing should be done as well. Default is True.
Returns:

The normalized [n x 4] Fourier coefficient array.
Return type:

numpy.ndarray
pyefd.plot_efd(coeffs, locus=(0.0, 0.0), image=None, contour=None, n=300)[source]

Plot a [2 x (N / 2)] grid of successive truncations of the series.

Note

Requires matplotlib!

Parameters:
  • coeffs (numpy.ndarray) – [N x 4] Fourier coefficient array.
  • tuple or numpy.ndarray locus (list,) – The \(A_0\) and \(C_0\) elliptic locus in [3] and [4].
  • n (int) – Number of points to use for plotting of Fourier series.

Indices and tables